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American Imperialism

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economic, military, and cultural influence of the United states internationally.

Learning Objectives

Define American imperialism

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The belatedly nineteenth century was known as the "Historic period of Imperialism," a time when the United States and other major globe powers rapidly expanded their territorial possessions.
• American imperialism is partly based on American exceptionalism, the thought that the United States is different from other countries because of its specific world mission to spread freedom and commonwealth.
• One of the near notable instances of American imperialism was the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the United States to proceeds possession and control of all ports, buildings, harbors, military equipment, and public belongings that had belonged to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands.
• Some groups, such as the American Anti-Imperialist League, opposed imperialism on the grounds that it conflicted with the American ideal of Republicans and the "consent of the governed."

Key Terms

• Social Darwinism: An credo that seeks to employ biological concepts of Darwinism or evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, often under the assumption that conflict between societal groups leads to social progress, as superior groups surpass inferior ones.
• American Exceptionalism: A belief, central to American political culture since the Revolution, that Americans have a unique mission among nations to spread freedom and democracy.
• The American Anti-Imperialist League: An organization established in the U.s. on June xv, 1898, to battle the American looting of the Philippines as an insular area.
• American Imperialism: A term that refers to the economical, military, and cultural influence of the United states on other countries.

Expansion and Power

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economic, military, and cultural influence of the United States on other countries. First popularized during the presidency of James K. Polk, the concept of an "American Empire" was made a reality throughout the latter one-half of the 1800s. During this fourth dimension, industrialization caused American businessmen to seek new international markets in which to sell their goods. In improver, the increasing influence of social Darwinism led to the belief that the United States was inherently responsible for bringing concepts such as manufacture, republic, and Christianity to less developed "barbarous" societies. The combination of these attitudes and other factors led the The states toward imperialism.

"X Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip": "Ten Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip," refers to the extension of U.Southward. domination (symbolized by a baldheaded eagle) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The drawing contrasts the 1898 representation with that of the Us in 1798.

American imperialism is partly rooted in American exceptionalism, the idea that the United states of america is different from other countries due to its specific world mission to spread freedom and commonwealth. This theory oftentimes is traced back to the words of 1800s French observer Alexis de Tocqueville, who concluded that the U.s.a. was a unique nation, "proceeding along a path to which no limit tin be perceived."

Pinpointing the bodily beginning of American imperialism is hard. Some historians suggest that it began with the writing of the Constitution; historian Donald Westward. Meinig argues that the imperial behavior of the U.s. dates dorsum to at to the lowest degree the Louisiana Purchase. He describes this outcome every bit an, "aggressive encroachment of one people upon the territory of another, resulting in the subjugation of that people to alien rule." Hither, he is referring to the U.S. policies toward Native Americans, which he said were, "designed to remold them into a people more appropriately conformed to imperial desires."

Uncle Sam teaching the world: This caricature shows Uncle Sam lecturing 4 children labelled "Philippines," "Hawaii," "Puerto Rico," and "Cuba" in front of children holding books labeled with diverse U.S. states. In the background, an American Indian holds a book upside down, a Chinese male child stands at the door, and a blackness boy cleans a window. The blackboard reads, "The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact… the U.Southward. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves."

Whatever its origins, American imperialism experienced its peak from the late 1800s through the years post-obit World War Ii. During this "Age of Imperialism," the U.s.a. exerted political, social, and economic control over countries such as the Philippines, Cuba, Germany, Republic of austria, Korea, and Nippon. Ane of the near notable examples of American imperialism in this historic period was the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the United States to gain possession and command of all ports, buildings, harbors, military equipment, and public property that had formally belonged to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands. On January 17, 1893, the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani, was deposed in a insurrection d'état led largely by American citizens who were opposed to Liliuokalani's endeavor to establish a new Constitution. This action eventually resulted in Hawaii'southward becoming America'due south 50th land in 1959.

Opposition to Imperialism

The American Anti-Imperialist League was an organization established in the United States on June xv, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular expanse. The League also argued that the Spanish-American State of war was a war of imperialism camouflaged equally a war of liberation. The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion considering they believed imperialism violated the credo of republicanism, especially the need for "consent of the governed." They did not oppose expansion on commercial, constitutional, religious, or humanitarian grounds; rather, they believed that the annexation and administration of third-world tropical areas would mean the abandonment of American ideals of self-authorities and isolation—ideals expressed in the U.Due south. Declaration of Independence, George Washington 's Cheerio Address, and Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address. The Anti-Imperialist League represented an older generation and was rooted in an before era; they were defeated in terms of public opinion, the 1900 election, and the actions of Congress and the president because most younger Progressives who were just coming to ability supported imperialism.

The Spanish-American War

The Spanish-American War was a iii-month-long conflict in 1898 betwixt Spain and the U.s..

Learning Objectives

Clarify the Spanish-American War

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Spanish-American State of war was the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence with Spain.
• The war served to further repair relations betwixt the American North and South. The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first fourth dimension since the end of the Civil State of war in 1865, and many friendships were formed betwixt soldiers of Northern and Southern states during their tours of duty.
• The state of war marked American entry into world affairs. Since and then, the United States has had a meaning hand in various conflicts around the globe, and has entered into many treaties and agreements.
• The defeat of Spain marked the end of the Spanish Empire.

Key Terms

• expansionism: The policy of expanding a nation's territory or its economic influence.

Overview

The Spanish-American War was a conflict in 1898 betwixt Spain and the The states. Information technology was the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence. American attacks on Espana's Pacific possessions led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine-American War.

Groundwork

Revolts against Castilian rule had been endemic for decades in Cuba and were closely watched by Americans. With the abolitionism of slavery in 1886, old slaves joined the ranks of farmers and the urban working grade, many wealthy Cubans lost their belongings, and the number of sugar mills declined. Only companies and the virtually powerful plantation owners remained in business organization, and during this catamenia, U.Southward. financial upper-case letter began flowing into the country. Although information technology remained Spanish territory politically, Cuba started to depend on the Us economically. Coincidentally, around the aforementioned time, Cuba saw the rise of labor movements.

Following his second deportation to Kingdom of spain in 1878, revolutionary José Martí moved to the United States in 1881. There he mobilized the support of the Cuban exile customs, especially in southern Florida. He aimed for a revolution and independence from Espana, but too lobbied against the U.S. annexation of Cuba, which some American and Cuban politicians desired.

By 1897–1898, American public opinion grew angrier at reports of Spanish atrocities in Republic of cuba. After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Political party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war he had wished to avert. Compromise proved impossible, resulting in the U.s. sending an ultimatum to Kingdom of spain that demanded it immediately surrender control of Republic of cuba, which the Spanish rejected. Commencement Madrid, so Washington, formally alleged war.

The War

Although the main issue was Cuban independence, the 10-week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. American naval power proved decisive, allowing U.Southward. expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba confronting a Spanish garrison already reeling from nationwide insurgent attacks and wasted past yellow fever.

The Spanish-American War was swift and decisive. During the war's three-month duration, not a single American reverse of any importance occurred. A week after the announcement of war, Commodore George Dewey of the six-warship Asiatic Squadron (and so based at Hong Kong) steamed his fleet to the Philippines. Dewey caught the entire Spanish armada at anchor in Manila Bay and destroyed it without losing an American life.

Cuban, Philippine, and American forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Republic of cuba and Manila as a result of their numerical superiority in near of the battles and despite the good operation of some Spanish infantry units and spirited defenses in places such as San Juan Hill. Madrid sued for peace after 2 obsolete Spanish squadrons were sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay. A third more modernistic fleet was recalled dwelling to protect the Spanish coasts.

The Treaty of Paris

The result of the war was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the United states. Information technology allowed temporary American control of Cuba and indefinite colonial authority over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines post-obit their purchase from Espana. The defeat and plummet of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain's national psyche, and provoked a movement of thoroughgoing philosophical and artistic reevaluation of Spanish guild known as the "Generation of '98." The victor gained several island possessions spanning the globe, which acquired a rancorous new argue over the wisdom of expansionism.

Legacy of the War

"La Fatlera del Oncle Sam": A Catalan satirical drawing, published in La Campana de Gràcia (1896), criticizing U.Due south. beliefs regarding Cuba.

The war marked American entry into globe affairs. Before the Spanish-American War, the United States was characterized past isolationism, an approach to foreign policy that asserts that a nation'southward interests are best served by keeping the diplomacy of other countries at a distance. Since the Castilian-American State of war, the United states has had a meaning hand in various conflicts around the earth, and has entered many treaties and agreements. The Panic of 1893 was over by this point, and the U.s. entered a long and prosperous menstruation of economic and population growth and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s. The war redefined national identity, served equally a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind, and provided a model for all future news reporting.

The state of war also effectively ended the Castilian Empire. Spain had been declining as an purple power since the early on nineteenth century as a outcome of Napoleon's invasion. The loss of Cuba caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Republic of cuba, which was seen as another province of Spain rather than as a colony. Kingdom of spain retained only a handful of overseas holdings: Spanish West Africa, Spanish Guinea, Castilian Sahara, Spanish Morocco, and the Canary Islands.

Markets and Missionaries

Progressive Era evangelism included stiff political, social, and economic messages, which urged adherents to improve their order.

Learning Objectives

Identify the Social Gospel move and the American Missionary Association

Central Takeaways

Central Points

• The Social Gospel was the religious wing of the Progressive motion, which aimed to combat injustice, suffering, and poverty in gild.
• The American Missionary Clan established schools and colleges for African Americans in the post-Civil War menstruum.
• The Social Gospel move was non a unified and well-focused motion, as there were disagreements among members.

Fundamental Terms

• Social Gospel: A Protestant Christian intellectual motility that was most prominent in the early on twentieth-century United States and Canada that applied Christian ideals to social problems.
• American Missionary Association: An organization supporting the education of freed blacks that founded hundreds of schools and colleges.
• Evangelical: Of or relating to whatsoever of several Christian churches that believe in the sole authority of the gospels.

The Social Gospel Motility

The Social Gospel was a Protestant movement that was almost prominent in the early twentieth-century U.s.a. and Canada. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially problems of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, offense, racial tensions, slums, unclean environments, kid labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.

In the Us, prior to World State of war I, the Social Gospel was the religious fly of the Progressive movement, which aimed to gainsay injustice, suffering, and poverty in guild. Denver, Colorado, was a heart of Social Gospel activism. Thomas Uzzell led the Methodist People'southward Tabernacle from 1885 to 1910. He established a free clinic for medical emergencies, an employment bureau for job seekers, a summertime campsite for children, dark schools for extended learning, and English language classes. Myron Reed of the First Congregational Church building became a spokesman for labor unions on issues such equally worker's compensation. His center-grade congregation encouraged Reed to move on when he became a Socialist, and he organized a nondenominational church building. Baptist minister Jim Goodhart set upward an employment bureau, and provided nutrient and lodging for tramps and hobos at the mission he ran. He became city chaplain and director of public welfare of Denver in 1918. In addition to these Protestants, Reform Jews and Catholics helped build Denver's social welfare system in the early twentieth century.

Walter Rauschenbusch and Dwight Moody

Pastor Dwight Moody, ca.1900: Portrait of Pastor Dwight Moody: preacher, evangelist, and publisher in the Social Gospel motility.

One of the defining theologians for the Social Gospel move was Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist pastor of a congregation located in Hell's Kitchen in New York City. Rauschenbusch railed confronting what he regarded every bit the selfishness of capitalism and promoted a form of Christian Socialism that supported the cosmos of labor unions and cooperative economics.

While pastors such as Rauschenbusch were combining their expertise in Biblical ideals and economic studies and research to preach theological claims around the need for social reform, others such every bit Dwight Moody refused to preach near social issues based on personal experience. Pastor Moody'south experience led him to believe that the poor were too particular in receiving clemency. Moody claimed that concentrating on social aid distracted people from the life-saving bulletin of the Gospel.

Rauschenbusch sought to accost the problems of the city with Socialist ideas that proved to be frightening to the middle classes, the chief supporters of the Social Gospel. In contrast, Moody attempted to save people from the city and was very effective in influencing middle-class Americans who were moving into the city with traditional style revivals.

The American Missionary Association

The American Missionary Clan (AMA) was a Protestant-based abolitionist group founded on September 3, 1846, in Albany, New York. The chief purpose of this system was to cancel slavery, educate African Americans, advocate for racial equality, and promote Christian values. Its members and leaders were both blackness and white and chiefly affiliated with Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches.

The AMA started The American Missionary mag, which published from 1846 through 1934. Among its efforts was the founding of antislavery churches. For instance, the abolitionist Owen Lovejoy was amidst the Congregational ministers of the AMA who helped constitute 115 antislavery churches in Illinois before the American Ceremonious State of war, aided past the stiff westward migration of individuals from the East. While the AMA became notable in the Usa for its piece of work in opposition to slavery and in support of education for freed men, it likewise worked in missions in numerous nations overseas. The nineteenth-century missionary try was strong in Prc and due east Asia.

Legacy

While the Social Gospel was curt-lived historically, it had a lasting impact on the policies of near of the mainline denominations in the United states of america. Most began programs for social reform, which led to ecumenical cooperation in 1910 during the germination of the Federal Council of Churches (although cooperation regarding social issues often led to charges of Socialism). It is likely that the Social Gospel's strong sense of leadership past the people led to women'southward suffrage, and that the emphasis it placed on morality led to prohibition. Biographer Randall Forest argues that Social Gospel themes learned from babyhood immune Lyndon B. Johnson to transform social issues into moral problems. This helps explain his longtime commitment to social justice, as exemplified by the Great Social club, and his commitment to racial equality. The Social Gospel explicitly inspired his strange-policy approach of a sort of Christian internationalism and nation building.

The Open up Door Policy

The Open Door Policy aimed to keep the Chinese trade market open to all countries on an equal ground.

Learning Objectives

Identify the Open Door Policy and the Monroe Doctrine

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Open up Door Policy was established in 1899 and stated that all European nations and the United States could trade with China with equal standing.
• The Monroe Doctrine stated that efforts by European nations to colonize or interfere with states in North or Due south America would be viewed as acts of assailment toward the United States and that the The states would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal European affairs.

Key Terms

• Open Door Policy: A doctrine that governed the relationship between China and the royal powers (Uk, France, Deutschland, Italy, Russia, America, and Japan) during the early 1900s. The policy forbade the regal powers from taking Chinese territory and from interfering with one another's economic activities in China.
• Monroe Doctrine: A U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the Americas, which aimed to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention.

The "Open Door Policy" refers to a U.Due south. doctrine established in the belatedly nineteenth century and the early on twentieth century, as expressed in Secretary of State John Hay's "Open Door Note," dated September half-dozen, 1899, and dispatched to the major European powers. The policy proposed to keep China open up to trade with all countries on an equal basis, keeping any ane power from total command of the land, and calling upon all powers, inside their spheres of influence, to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or whatsoever vested interest, to let Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to prove no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges.

The Open Door policy was rooted in the desire of U.S. businesses to trade with Chinese markets, though the policy's pledging to protect China's sovereignty and territorial integrity from partition besides tapped the deep-seated sympathies of those who opposed imperialism. In do, the policy had little legal standing; it was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese, which created lingering resentment and caused information technology to be seen later as a symbol of national humiliation past many Chinese historians.

Formation of the Policy

During the Get-go Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China faced an imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperialist powers such as Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and Germany. Afterwards winning the Castilian-American War of 1898, and with the newly acquired territory of the Philippine Islands, the United states of america increased its Asian presence and was expecting to farther its commercial and political involvement in Red china. The U.s.a. felt threatened by other powers' much larger spheres of influence in Mainland china and worried that it might lose access to the Chinese marketplace should the country exist partitioned.

As a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business concern opportunities and other interests in People's republic of china. On September 6, 1899, U.S. Secretary of Land John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia), request them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports inside their spheres of influence in China. The Open Door Policy stated that all nations, including the United States, could enjoy equal admission to the Chinese market.

In reply, each land tried to evade Hay'south request, taking the position that it could non commit itself until the other nations had complied. However, by July 1900, Hay announced that each of the powers had granted consent in principle. Although treaties fabricated after 1900 refer to the Open Door Policy, competition among the various powers for special concessions within Mainland china for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, strange trade ports, and so forth, continued unabated.

The Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the Americas in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in Northward or Due south America would be viewed as acts of assailment, requiring U.Southward. intervention. At the same fourth dimension, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued in 1823 at a fourth dimension when nearly all Latin American colonies of Kingdom of spain and Portugal had achieved, or were at the betoken of gaining, independence from the Portuguese and Spanish Empires.

Monroe Doctrine: A 1912 newspaper cartoon about the Monroe Doctrine.

President James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh-annual State of the Wedlock Accost to Congress. The term "Monroe Doctrine" itself was coined in 1850. Past the finish of the nineteenth century, Monroe'south declaration was seen as a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and i of its longest-continuing tenets. Information technology would exist invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Ulysses Due south. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and many others.

The intent and impact of the Monroe Doctrine persisted with only pocket-size variations for more than a century. Its stated objective was to complimentary the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention and avoid situations that could brand the New Earth a battleground for the Former Globe powers, and then that the Us could exert its own influence undisturbed. The doctrine asserted that the New World and the Old World were to remain distinctly dissever spheres of influence, for they were composed of entirely separate and independent nations.

Inherent in the Monroe Doctrine are the themes of American exceptionalism and Manifest Destiny, two ideas that refer to the right of the United States to exert its influence over the residue of the world. Nether these weather condition, the Monroe Doctrine was used to justify American intervention abroad multiple times throughout the nineteenth century, most notably in the Spanish-American War and with the annexation of Hawaii.

The Philippine-American War

The Philippine-American State of war was an armed disharmonize that resulted in American colonial rule of the Philippines until 1946.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the Philippine-American War

Key Takeaways

Primal Points

• The Philippine-American War was part of a series of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence, preceded past the Philippine Revolution (1896) and the Castilian-American War.
• The disharmonize arose from the struggle of the Kickoff Philippine Republic to proceeds independence following looting by the United States.
• The state of war and U.S. occupation changed the cultural mural of the islands. Examples of this include the disestablishment of the Catholic Church as the Philippine state organized religion and the introduction of the English language equally the chief language of regime and business.
• The Usa officially took control of the Philippines in 1902. In 1916, the United States promised some self-government, a express form of which was established in 1935. In 1946, following World War Two, the United states of america gave the territory independence through the Treaty of Manila.

Key Terms

• Philippine Revolution of 1896: An armed disharmonize in which Philippine revolutionaries tried to win national independence from Spanish colonial rule. Power struggles among the revolutionaries and disharmonize with Spanish forces continued throughout the Spanish-American War.
• Boxing of Manila: The battle that began the Philippine-American War of 1899.
• American Anti-Imperialist League: A U.S. organization that opposed American control of the Philippines and viewed it as a violation of republican principles. The grouping also believed in free trade, the aureate standard, and limited government.

The Philippine-American War, besides known as the "Philippine War of Independence" or the "Philippine Insurrection" (1899–1902), was an armed conflict between the U.s. and Filipino revolutionaries. The conflict arose later on the Philippine Revolution of 1896, from the Outset Philippine Democracy's struggle to gain independence following annexation by the United States.

The conflict arose when the Kickoff Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris, under which the U.s.a. took possession of the Philippines from Spain after the Castilian-American War.

The Battle of Manila: The Battle of Manila, February 1899.

Fighting erupted between U.S. and Filipino revolutionary forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly escalated into the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June two, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially alleged state of war confronting the U.s.a.. The war officially ended on July ii, 1902, with a victory for the Usa. Nonetheless, some Philippine groups led by veterans of the Katipunan continued to battle the American forces. Among those leaders was General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed "Tagalog Republic," formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro people and Pulahanes people, connected hostilities in remote areas and islands until their last defeat a decade later at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913.

Impact and Legacy

Filipino soldiers: Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899.

The war with and occupation past the Usa would change the cultural mural of the islands. The war resulted in an estimated 34,000 to 220,000 Philippine casualties (with more than civilians dying from disease and hunger brought almost past war); the disestablishment of the Roman Cosmic Church as the country organized religion; and the introduction of the English language in the islands as the main language of authorities, teaching, concern, and industry, and increasingly in future decades, of families and educated individuals.

Under the 1902 "Philippine Organic Act," passed by the U.S. Congress, Filipinos initially were given very limited self-government, including the right to vote for some elected officials such equally a Philippine Assembly. But it was not until 14 years later, with the passage of the 1916 Philippine Autonomy Act (or "Jones Human action"), that the U.s. officially promised eventual independence, along with more Philippine control in the concurrently over the Philippines. The 1934 Philippine Independence Act created in the following year the Commonwealth of the Philippines, a limited form of independence, and established a process catastrophe in Philippine independence (originally scheduled for 1944, but interrupted and delayed past World War II). Finally in 1946, post-obit Globe State of war II and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the Usa granted independence through the Treaty of Manila.

American Opposition

Some Americans, notably William Jennings Bryan, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Ernest Crosby, and other members of the American Anti-Imperialist League, strongly objected to the annexation of the Philippines. Anti-imperialist movements claimed that the Us had become a colonial power by replacing Spain as the colonial power in the Philippines. Other anti-imperialists opposed annexation on racist grounds. Amid these was Senator Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina, who feared that annexation of the Philippines would atomic number 82 to an influx of nonwhite immigrants into the United states. Every bit news of atrocities committed in subduing the Philippines arrived in the United States, support for the state of war flagged.

The Banana Wars

The Assistant Wars were a series of U.Due south. war machine occupations and interventions in Latin American and Caribbean countries during the early on 1900s.

Learning Objectives

Clarify the Banana Wars

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Banana Wars were a series of conflicts and war machine interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean caused or influenced by the United States to protect its commercial interests. Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Democracy were all venues of conflicts.
• The United Fruit Company and the Standard Fruit Visitor had significant commercial stakes and influence in Latin America and were backside many of the conflicts.

Central Terms

• Roosevelt Corollary: An extension to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt that states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than allowing the Europeans to printing their claims direct.
• United Fruit Visitor: An American company that sold fruit produced on Latin and South American plantations to N American and European markets. Along with the Standard Fruit Company, it dominated the economies and strongly influenced the governments of Latin American countries.

The Banana Wars, also known as the "American-Caribbean area Wars," were a series of occupations, constabulary actions, and interventions involving the Usa in Fundamental America and the Caribbean area. This period of conflict started with the Castilian-American State of war in 1898 and the subsequent Treaty of Paris, which gave the United States control of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Thereafter, the United States conducted military interventions in Cuba, Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, United mexican states, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. The serial of conflicts ended with the withdrawal of troops from Haiti in 1934 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Reasons for these conflicts were varied only were largely economical in nature. The conflict was called the "Assistant Wars" because of the connections between U.Southward. interventions and the preservation of American commercial interests in the region.

United Fruit Company Steamship Service: A 1916 advertising for the United Fruit Visitor Steamship Service.

Most prominently, the United Fruit Visitor had significant financial stakes in the product of bananas, tobacco, sugar pikestaff, and diverse other products throughout the Caribbean area, Central America, and northern South America. The The states also was advancing its political interests, maintaining a sphere of influence and controlling the Panama Canal, which information technology had recently congenital and which was critically important to global merchandise and naval ability.

Panama and the Canal

In 1882, Ferdinand de Lesseps started work on a canal, but by 1889, the effort had experienced technology challenges caused past frequent landslides, slippage of equipment, and mud, and resulted in defalcation. U.Due south. President Theodore Roosevelt convinced Congress to take on the abandoned works in 1902, while Colombia was in the midst of the M Days' War. During the state of war, Panamanian Liberals fabricated at least three attempts to seize control of Panama and potentially reach full autonomy. Liberal guerrillas such as Belisario Porras and Victoriano Lorenzo were suppressed by a collaboration between conservative Colombian and U.Due south. forces under the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty. The Roosevelt administration proposed to Colombia that the United States should control the canal, merely by mid-1903, the Colombian government refused. The United States then changed tactics.

Less than iii weeks later, on November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed betwixt Frenchman Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, who had promptly been appointed Panamanian ambassador to the United States (representing Panamanian interests), and the U.Due south. Secretary of State John Hay. The treaty allowed for the construction of a canal and U.S. sovereignty over a strip of land 10-miles broad and 50-miles long on either side of the Panama Canal Zone. In that zone, the United states of america would build a canal, then administrate, fortify, and defend it "in perpetuity."

Honduras and American Fruit Companies

Honduras, where the United Fruit Visitor and Standard Fruit Company dominated the country's fundamental banana consign sector and associated land holdings and railways, saw the insertion of American troops in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924, and 1925. The author O. Henry coined the term "banana commonwealth" in 1904 to draw Republic of honduras.

The first decades of Honduras's history were marked by instability in terms of politics and economy. Indeed, the political context gave fashion to 210 armed conflicts between independence and the ascent to ability of the Carias authorities. This instability was due in part to American interest in the country.

The starting time company that concluded an agreement with the Honduras government was the Vaccaro Brothers Company (Standard Fruit Visitor). The Cuyamel Fruit Company and then followed that lead. The United Fruit Company too agreed to a contract with the government, which was attained through its subsidies (the Tela Track Road Company and Truxillo Rails Route Company).

Different avenues led to the signature of a contract between the Republic of honduras regime and the American companies. The almost pop avenue was to obtain a grab on a slice of land in exchange for the completion of railroads in Republic of honduras; this explains why a railroad company conducted the agreement between the United Fruit Company and Republic of honduras. The ultimate goal in the acquisition of a contract was to control the bananas, from production to distribution. Therefore, the American companies would finance guerrilla fighters, presidential campaigns, and governments.

Mexico

The U.South. military involvements with Mexico in this menstruum are related to the same full general commercial and political causes, merely stand as a special instance. The Americans conducted the Edge State of war with Mexico from 1910 to 1919 for additional reasons: to control the flow of immigrants and refugees from revolutionary Mexico (pacificos), and to counter insubordinate raids into U.Due south. territory. The 1914 U.S. occupation of Veracruz, however, was an exercise of armed influence, not an issue of edge integrity; it was aimed at cutting off the supplies of German munitions to the government of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta, whom U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize. In the years prior to World War I, the United States besides was sensitive to the regional balance of power against Germany. The Germans were actively arming and advising the Mexicans, as demonstrated by the 1914 SS Ypiranga arms-aircraft incident, the institution of German language saboteur Lothar Witzke's base in Mexico Metropolis, the 1917 Zimmermann Telegram, and the presence of German advisors during the 1918 Battle of Ambos Nogales. Only twice during the Mexican Revolution did the U.S. military occupy United mexican states: during the temporary occupation of Veracruz in 1914 and between the years 1916 and 1917, when U.Southward. General John Pershing and his army came to Mexico to lead a nationwide search for Pancho Villa.

Other Countries

Other Latin American nations were influenced or dominated by American economic policies and/or commercial interests to the point of compulsion. Theodore Roosevelt declared the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, asserting the right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic diplomacy of states in the Caribbean and Cardinal America if they were unable to pay their international debts. From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and his Secretary of State Philander C. Knox asserted a more "peaceful and economic" Dollar Diplomacy foreign policy, although that, also, was backed past force. The U.S. Marine Corps most often carried out these military interventions. The Marines were called in and so often that they developed a Pocket-size Wars Transmission, The Strategy and Tactics of Modest Wars, in 1921. On occasion, U.S. Naval gunfire and U.S. Army troops were as well used.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/american-imperialism/

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